diff --git a/e2e/conflict_arbitration_e2e_test.go b/e2e/conflict_arbitration_e2e_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03d0310
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e2e/conflict_arbitration_e2e_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+package e2e
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// writeE2EPlugin 落一个插件文件到 e2e 的 plugin_dir（SeedBundled 见空目录才
+// 落地内置插件，所以先放自定义插件再启动网关）。
+func writeE2EPlugin(t *testing.T, dir, name, code string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	p := filepath.Join(dir, "plugins", name)
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(p), 0o755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(p, []byte(code), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+// e2eConfig 返回一份最小 e2e 配置文本（含 plugin_dir）。
+func e2eConfig(dir, listen string) string {
+	return "listen: " + listen + "\n" +
+		"gateway_keys:\n  - sk-e2e-0001\n" +
+		"default_model: AUTO\n" +
+		"adapter_dir: " + filepath.Join(dir, "adapters") + "\n" +
+		"runtime_file: " + filepath.Join(dir, "runtime.json") + "\n" +
+		"plugin_dir: " + filepath.Join(dir, "plugins") + "\n" +
+		"sources: []\n"
+}
+
+// TestConflictArbitrationE2E（用户要求：服务路径冲突不崩溃不拒启 + WebAPI 裁决）
+//
+// 真二进制全链路：
+//  1. 两个插件声明同一条 /api/plugins/http/ 路径 → 两插件都 loaded，启动正常
+//  2. 请求该路径 → 409，错误信息点名两个候选插件（不静默选边）
+//  3. GET /api/plugins/conflicts → 列出冲突（路径 + 候选 + 未裁决）
+//  4. POST /api/plugins/conflicts 裁决 → 持久化
+//  5. 再请求该路径 → 200，赢家应答（{"from":"B"}）
+//  6. /v1/models 等既有路由全程不受影响（旧通路无回归）
+func TestConflictArbitrationE2E(t *testing.T) {
+	bin := buildBinary(t)
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	addr := mustAddr(t)
+
+	writeE2EPlugin(t, dir, "plugA.lua", `
+local P = {}
+P.name = "plugA"
+P.version = "1"
+P.exports = {}
+P.http = { { path = "contested", method = "POST", handler = "h", roles = { "admin" } } }
+function P.h(req) return { status = 200, json = { from = "A" } } end
+return P
+`)
+	writeE2EPlugin(t, dir, "plugB.lua", `
+local P = {}
+P.name = "plugB"
+P.version = "1"
+P.exports = {}
+P.http = { { path = "contested", method = "POST", handler = "h", roles = { "admin" } } }
+function P.h(req) return { status = 200, json = { from = "B" } } end
+return P
+`)
+
+	cfgPath := filepath.Join(dir, "config.yaml")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(cfgPath, []byte(e2eConfig(dir, addr)), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	g := startGateway(t, bin, addr, cfgPath)
+
+	// ① 两个插件都加载成功（冲突不拒载）
+	resp, body := g.do(http.MethodGet, "/api/plugins", "", true)
+	if resp.StatusCode != 200 {
+		t.Fatalf("GET /api/plugins: %d %s", resp.StatusCode, body)
+	}
+	var list struct {
+		Plugins []struct {
+			Name   string `json:"name"`
+			Loaded bool   `json:"loaded"`
+		} `json:"plugins"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(body), &list); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	loaded := map[string]bool{}
+	for _, p := range list.Plugins {
+		loaded[p.Name] = p.Loaded
+	}
+	if !loaded["plugA"] || !loaded["plugB"] {
+		t.Fatalf("冲突的两个插件都应 loaded: %v", loaded)
+	}
+
+	// ② 请求冲突路径 → 409 + 点名候选（不静默选边）
+	resp, body = g.do(http.MethodPost, "/api/plugins/http/contested", "", true)
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusConflict {
+		t.Fatalf("未裁决冲突路径应 409, 实得 %d (%s)", resp.StatusCode, body)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(body, "plugA") || !strings.Contains(body, "plugB") {
+		t.Fatalf("409 应点名两个候选: %s", body)
+	}
+
+	// ③ 冲突列表可见
+	resp, body = g.do(http.MethodGet, "/api/plugins/conflicts", "", true)
+	if resp.StatusCode != 200 {
+		t.Fatalf("GET conflicts: %d %s", resp.StatusCode, body)
+	}
+	var cl struct {
+		Routes []struct {
+			Path       string   `json:"path"`
+			Candidates []string `json:"candidates"`
+			Resolved   string   `json:"resolved"`
+		} `json:"routes"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(body), &cl); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if len(cl.Routes) != 1 || cl.Routes[0].Path != "contested" || cl.Routes[0].Resolved != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("冲突形态不对: %+v", cl)
+	}
+
+	// ④ 裁决 plugB 赢
+	arbit, _ := json.Marshal(map[string]string{
+		"kind": "route", "path": "contested", "winner": "plugB",
+	})
+	resp, body = g.do(http.MethodPost, "/api/plugins/conflicts", string(arbit), true)
+	if resp.StatusCode != 200 {
+		t.Fatalf("POST conflicts 裁决: %d %s", resp.StatusCode, body)
+	}
+
+	// ⑤ 再请求 → 200 且赢家应答
+	resp, body = g.do(http.MethodPost, "/api/plugins/http/contested", "", true)
+	if resp.StatusCode != 200 {
+		t.Fatalf("裁决后请求冲突路径应 200, 实得 %d (%s)", resp.StatusCode, body)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(body, `"from":"B"`) {
+		t.Fatalf("赢家 plugB 应答, 实得 %s", body)
+	}
+
+	// ⑥ 旧通路无回归：/v1/models 正常
+	resp, _ = g.do(http.MethodGet, "/v1/models", "", true)
+	if resp.StatusCode != 200 {
+		t.Fatalf("旧通路 /v1/models 应 200, 实得 %d", resp.StatusCode)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestAdapterConflictE2E：插件装与内置同名适配器 → 挂起（现任保留），
+// /api/plugins/conflicts 列出，裁决 candidate 后插件版生效。
+func TestAdapterConflictE2E(t *testing.T) {
+	bin := buildBinary(t)
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	addr := mustAddr(t)
+
+	writeE2EPlugin(t, dir, "shadow.lua", `
+local P = {}
+P.name = "shadow"
+P.version = "1"
+P.exports = { "install" }
+function P.install(args)
+  local src = 'local a={} a.name="openai" a.version="SHADOW_V1" a.endpoint="/x" return a'
+  local name, err = __llmsproxy_adapters.install("openai", src)
+  return { name = name, err = err }
+end
+return P
+`)
+	cfgPath := filepath.Join(dir, "config.yaml")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(cfgPath, []byte(e2eConfig(dir, addr)), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	g := startGateway(t, bin, addr, cfgPath)
+
+	// ① 安装 → 返回 err（pending 语义），内置版本不变
+	resp, body := g.do(http.MethodPost, "/api/plugins/shadow/call/install", "{}", true)
+	if resp.StatusCode != 200 {
+		t.Fatalf("call install: %d %s", resp.StatusCode, body)
+	}
+	// Call 端点把插件返回值包在 {"result": …} 里；挂起语义的断言在 result 层做。
+	var wrapped struct {
+		Result struct {
+			Name *string `json:"name"`
+			Err  string  `json:"err"`
+		} `json:"result"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(body), &wrapped); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	out := wrapped.Result
+	if out.Name != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("挂起时不得返回生效名: %s", body)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(out.Err, "openai") || !strings.Contains(out.Err, "conflict") {
+		t.Fatalf("错误应点名冲突: %q", out.Err)
+	}
+
+	// ② 冲突列表可见
+	resp, body = g.do(http.MethodGet, "/api/plugins/conflicts", "", true)
+	if resp.StatusCode != 200 {
+		t.Fatalf("GET conflicts: %d %s", resp.StatusCode, body)
+	}
+	var cl struct {
+		Adapters []struct {
+			Name      string `json:"name"`
+			Candidate string `json:"candidate"`
+		} `json:"adapters"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(body), &cl); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if len(cl.Adapters) != 1 || cl.Adapters[0].Name != "openai" || cl.Adapters[0].Candidate != "shadow" {
+		t.Fatalf("冲突形态不对: %+v", cl)
+	}
+
+	// ③ 适配器列表里 openai 仍是内置版本（现任继续服务，不被静默覆盖）
+	assertOpenAIVersion := func(want string, msg string) {
+		t.Helper()
+		resp, body := g.do(http.MethodGet, "/api/adapters", "", true)
+		if resp.StatusCode != 200 {
+			t.Fatalf("GET /api/adapters: %d %s", resp.StatusCode, body)
+		}
+		var al struct {
+			Adapters []struct {
+				Name    string `json:"name"`
+				Version string `json:"version"`
+			} `json:"adapters"`
+		}
+		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(body), &al); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		for _, a := range al.Adapters {
+			if a.Name == "openai" {
+				if a.Version != want {
+					t.Fatalf("%s: openai 版本应 %q, 实得 %q", msg, want, a.Version)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+		}
+		t.Fatalf("%s: openai 适配器不存在: %s", msg, body)
+	}
+	assertOpenAIVersion("2.0.0", "现任内置必须继续服务（不被静默覆盖）")
+
+	// ④ 裁决 candidate → 插件版生效
+	arbit, _ := json.Marshal(map[string]string{
+		"kind": "adapter", "name": "openai", "winner": "candidate",
+	})
+	if resp, body = g.do(http.MethodPost, "/api/plugins/conflicts", string(arbit), true); resp.StatusCode != 200 {
+		t.Fatalf("裁决 candidate: %d %s", resp.StatusCode, body)
+	}
+
+	// ⑤ 适配器版本已切换 + 冲突清空
+	assertOpenAIVersion("SHADOW_V1", "裁决后插件版应生效")
+	resp, body = g.do(http.MethodGet, "/api/plugins/conflicts", "", true)
+	if resp.StatusCode != 200 {
+		t.Fatal(resp.StatusCode)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(body, `"name":"openai"`) && strings.Contains(body, `"adapters":[{`) {
+		t.Fatalf("裁决后冲突应清除: %s", body)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/gateway/plugin_http_routes.go b/internal/gateway/plugin_http_routes.go
index d7f8ce1..4b43848 100644
--- a/internal/gateway/plugin_http_routes.go
+++ b/internal/gateway/plugin_http_routes.go
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ package gateway
 
 import (
 	"net/http"
+	"sort"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -45,12 +46,25 @@ func (g *Gateway) handlePluginHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	matches := ps.HTTPHandlers()
 	var chosen *lua.HTTPHandler
 	var params map[string]string
+	// contenders holds the handlers that matched at the current best depth with
+	// the SAME literal route pattern — i.e. two plugins that both declared this
+	// exact path. That is the contested case the operator must arbitrate (user
+	// requirement A): rather than let load order pick a silent winner, a
+	// contested path with no recorded decision returns 409 naming the candidates.
+	var contenders []lua.HTTPHandler
 	for i := range matches {
 		h := matches[i]
-		if p, ok := matchHandlerPath(h.Path, rest); ok {
-			if chosen == nil || segmentCount(h.Path) > segmentCount(chosen.Path) {
-				chosen, params = &h, p
-			}
+		p, ok := matchHandlerPath(h.Path, rest)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		switch {
+		case chosen == nil || segmentCount(h.Path) > segmentCount(chosen.Path):
+			chosen, params = &matches[i], p
+			contenders = []lua.HTTPHandler{matches[i]}
+		case segmentCount(h.Path) == segmentCount(chosen.Path) && h.Path == chosen.Path:
+			// Same route pattern, a different plugin. The winner is arbitrated below.
+			contenders = append(contenders, matches[i])
 		}
 	}
 	if chosen == nil {
@@ -58,6 +72,13 @@ func (g *Gateway) handlePluginHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 			"no plugin serves this path")
 		return
 	}
+	if len(contenders) > 1 {
+		resolved := g.resolveContestedRoute(w, ps, chosen.Path, contenders)
+		if resolved == nil {
+			return // 409 already written, naming the candidates
+		}
+		chosen = resolved
+	}
 
 	if !strings.EqualFold(r.Method, chosen.Method) {
 		w.Header().Set("Allow", chosen.Method)
@@ -98,6 +119,44 @@ func (g *Gateway) handlePluginHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	lua.WriteHandlerResponse(w, resp)
 }
 
+// resolveContestedRoute arbitrates a service path that more than one plugin
+// declared (user requirement A). It returns the winning handler, or nil after
+// writing a 409 when the operator has not yet chosen.
+//
+// This is the crux of the "report, don't crash, don't silently pick" rule: with
+// two plugins both serving e.g. "stats", load order used to decide the winner.
+// Now an unresolved contest is a 409 that NAMES the candidates, and the operator
+// picks one in the WebUI (POST /api/plugins/conflicts). A recorded decision is
+// honoured here on every request thereafter.
+func (g *Gateway) resolveContestedRoute(w http.ResponseWriter, ps *lua.Plugins, path string, contenders []lua.HTTPHandler) *lua.HTTPHandler {
+	winner := ps.RouteWinner(path)
+	if winner != "" {
+		for i := range contenders {
+			if contenders[i].Plugin == winner {
+				return &contenders[i]
+			}
+		}
+		// A decision exists but points at a plugin that no longer serves this
+		// path (it was removed or edited). Fall through to 409 rather than honour
+		// a stale winner that cannot answer.
+	}
+	names := make([]string, 0, len(contenders))
+	for i := range contenders {
+		names = append(names, contenders[i].Plugin)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(names)
+	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8")
+	writeJSON(w, http.StatusConflict, map[string]interface{}{
+		"error": map[string]interface{}{
+			"type":       "route_conflict",
+			"message":    "service path \"" + path + "\" is claimed by " + strconv.Itoa(len(names)) + " plugins (" + strings.Join(names, ", ") + "); an operator must choose one in the admin UI (Conflicts) or POST /api/plugins/conflicts",
+			"path":       path,
+			"candidates": names,
+		},
+	})
+	return nil
+}
+
 // handlerAccessHint explains, in the refusal, exactly which declaration would
 // open this endpoint. A 403 with no reason is the kind of thing an operator
 // opens the source to work out, and then the fix is a guess.
diff --git a/internal/gateway/plugins_api.go b/internal/gateway/plugins_api.go
index 87b88f3..6ea786c 100644
--- a/internal/gateway/plugins_api.go
+++ b/internal/gateway/plugins_api.go
@@ -82,6 +82,57 @@ func (g *Gateway) handlePluginsAPI(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	path := strings.TrimPrefix(r.URL.Path, "/api/plugins")
 	path = strings.Trim(path, "/")
 
+	// /api/plugins/conflicts — the arbitration surface (user requirement).
+	// GET  lists every contested route (A) and every suspended adapter-name
+	//      install (B), each with its candidates/incumbent and any recorded
+	//      decision.
+	// POST {kind,path|name,winner} records the operator's choice and persists
+	//      it. Must be routed BEFORE the single-segment {name} handler below,
+	//      which would otherwise read "conflicts" as a plugin name.
+	if path == "conflicts" {
+		if reqRole(r.Context()) != "admin" {
+			writeError(w, http.StatusForbidden, "forbidden", "admin role required")
+			return
+		}
+		switch r.Method {
+		case http.MethodGet:
+			writeJSON(w, http.StatusOK, map[string]interface{}{
+				"routes":   ps.RouteConflicts(),
+				"adapters": ps.AdapterConflicts(),
+			})
+		case http.MethodPost:
+			var body struct {
+				Kind   string `json:"kind"` // "route" or "adapter"
+				Path   string `json:"path"`
+				Name   string `json:"name"`
+				Winner string `json:"winner"` // route: plugin name; adapter: "incumbent"|"candidate"
+			}
+			if err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&body); err != nil {
+				writeError(w, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid_request", "invalid json: "+err.Error())
+				return
+			}
+			switch body.Kind {
+			case "route":
+				if err := ps.ResolveRouteConflict(body.Path, body.Winner); err != nil {
+					writeError(w, http.StatusBadRequest, "conflict_error", err.Error())
+					return
+				}
+				writeJSON(w, http.StatusOK, map[string]interface{}{"ok": true, "path": body.Path, "winner": body.Winner})
+			case "adapter":
+				if err := ps.ResolveAdapterConflict(body.Name, body.Winner); err != nil {
+					writeError(w, http.StatusBadRequest, "conflict_error", err.Error())
+					return
+				}
+				writeJSON(w, http.StatusOK, map[string]interface{}{"ok": true, "name": body.Name, "winner": body.Winner})
+			default:
+				writeError(w, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid_request", "kind must be \"route\" or \"adapter\"")
+			}
+		default:
+			writeError(w, http.StatusMethodNotAllowed, "method_not_allowed", "")
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
 	// /api/plugins/{name}/state
 	if strings.HasSuffix(path, "/state") {
 		name := strings.TrimSuffix(path, "/state")
diff --git a/internal/gateway/ui/index.html b/internal/gateway/ui/index.html
index 69aec6d..f84d2da 100644
--- a/internal/gateway/ui/index.html
+++ b/internal/gateway/ui/index.html
@@ -4856,6 +4856,14 @@ function afterChainEdit() {
       // on_disk rather than the loaded set so a plugin that FAILED to load
       // still appears, with its error — otherwise a syntax error looks
       // identical to "the plugin is not there".
+      async function resolveRoute(path, winner) {
+        await api("/api/plugins/conflicts", { method: "POST", body: JSON.stringify({ kind: "route", path, winner }) });
+        renderPlugins();
+      }
+      async function resolveAdapter(name, winner) {
+        await api("/api/plugins/conflicts", { method: "POST", body: JSON.stringify({ kind: "adapter", name, winner }) });
+        renderPlugins();
+      }
       async function renderPlugins() {
         let j;
         try {
@@ -4908,6 +4916,32 @@ function afterChainEdit() {
           })
           .join("");
 
+        // 冲突裁决（用户要求：服务路径/适配器名冲突不崩溃不拒启，运维在此选一保留）
+        let confHtml = "";
+        try {
+          const cj = await api("/api/plugins/conflicts");
+          const rc = cj.routes || [];
+          const ac = cj.adapters || [];
+          if (rc.length || ac.length) {
+            const rows2 = []
+              .concat(rc.map((c) => `
+                <tr><td><span class="tag tag-red">路径</span> <code>${esc(c.path)}</code></td>
+                <td>${c.candidates.map(esc).join(" vs ")}</td>
+                <td>${c.resolved ? `<span class="tag tag-green">已选 ${esc(c.resolved)}</span>` : `<span class="tag tag-red">待裁决</span>`}</td>
+                <td>${c.candidates.map((n) => `<button class="small" onclick="resolveRoute('${escAttr(c.path)}','${escAttr(n)}')">用 ${esc(n)}</button>`).join(" ")}</td></tr>`))
+              .concat(ac.map((c) => `
+                <tr><td><span class="tag">适配器</span> <code>${esc(c.name)}</code></td>
+                <td>${esc(c.incumbent)}（现任） vs 插件 ${esc(c.candidate)}（候选）</td>
+                <td>${c.resolved ? `<span class="tag tag-green">已选 ${esc(c.resolved)}</span>` : `<span class="tag tag-red">待裁决</span>`}</td>
+                <td><button class="small" onclick="resolveAdapter('${escAttr(c.name)}','incumbent')">保留现任</button>
+                    <button class="small" onclick="resolveAdapter('${escAttr(c.name)}','candidate')">用插件版</button></td></tr>`))
+              .join("");
+            confHtml = `<div class="card" style="border-color:var(--danger)"><h2>冲突裁决（${rc.length + ac.length}）</h2>
+              <p class="muted">两个插件/适配器声明了同一条服务路径或同一个适配器名。未裁决的路径返回 409，撞名的适配器由现任继续服务。请选一个保留。</p>
+              <div class="tbl-wrap"><table><tr><th>冲突项</th><th>候选</th><th>状态</th><th>裁决</th></tr>${rows2}</table></div></div>`;
+          }
+        } catch (_) {}
+
         // Hook errors: a plugin that throws leaves no visible trace anywhere
         // else, so without this the symptom is "the feature silently doesn't
         // work".
@@ -4918,7 +4952,7 @@ function afterChainEdit() {
           )
           .join("");
 
-        $("#tab-plugins").innerHTML = `
+        $("#tab-plugins").innerHTML = `${confHtml}
     <div class="card"><h2>${t("plTitle")} (${(j.on_disk || []).length})</h2>
       <div class="tbl-wrap"><table><tr>
         <th>${t("tName")}</th><th>${t("plState")}</th><th>${t("plStages")}</th><th>${t("plVisibility")}</th><th>${t("plEndpoints")}</th><th>${t("plKernel")}</th><th></th>
diff --git a/internal/lua/conflict_arbitration_test.go b/internal/lua/conflict_arbitration_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c5185ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/lua/conflict_arbitration_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+package lua
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// TestRouteConflictDetectedAndArbitrated（用户要求 A）：
+// 两个插件声明同一条 /api/plugins/http/ 服务路径 → 必须报冲突（列出双方），
+// 运维裁决后裁决生效；裁决持久化，重启（重新 LoadDir）后仍然生效。
+// 全程不崩溃、不拒绝加载 —— 两个插件都保持 loaded。
+func TestRouteConflictDetectedAndArbitrated(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	_, ps := bridgeVM(t)
+	ps.dir = dir
+
+	// a.lua 与 b.lua 都声明路径 "shared"
+	const aSrc = `
+local P = {}
+P.name = "plugA"
+P.version = "1"
+P.exports = {}
+P.http = { { path = "shared", handler = "h", roles = {"admin"} } }
+function P.h(req) return { status = 200, json = { from = "A" } } end
+return P
+`
+	const bSrc = `
+local P = {}
+P.name = "plugB"
+P.version = "1"
+P.exports = {}
+P.http = { { path = "shared", handler = "h", roles = {"admin"} } }
+function P.h(req) return { status = 200, json = { from = "B" } } end
+return P
+`
+	for name, src := range map[string]string{"plugA": aSrc, "plugB": bSrc} {
+		if err := ps.LoadSource(name, src); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("加载 %s: %v", name, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ① 冲突被报出来，候选齐整，未裁决
+	cs := ps.RouteConflicts()
+	if len(cs) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("应恰有 1 条路径冲突, 实得 %d: %+v", len(cs), cs)
+	}
+	c := cs[0]
+	if c.Path != "shared" {
+		t.Fatalf("冲突路径应为 shared, 实得 %q", c.Path)
+	}
+	if len(c.Candidates) != 2 || c.Candidates[0] != "plugA" || c.Candidates[1] != "plugB" {
+		t.Fatalf("候选应为 [plugA plugB], 实得 %v", c.Candidates)
+	}
+	if c.Resolved != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("初始应未裁决, 实得 %q", c.Resolved)
+	}
+	// 两个插件都保持 loaded（不许因冲突拒绝启动/加载）
+	if ps.List()[0]["loaded"] != true || ps.List()[1]["loaded"] != true {
+		t.Fatal("冲突的两个插件都应保持 loaded")
+	}
+
+	// ② 非法裁决被拒（赢家必须确实是候选之一）
+	if err := ps.ResolveRouteConflict("shared", "plugC"); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("赢家不是候选应被拒绝")
+	}
+	if err := ps.ResolveRouteConflict("other", "plugA"); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("未冲突的路径不应可裁决")
+	}
+
+	// ③ 合法裁决 + 持久化
+	if err := ps.ResolveRouteConflict("shared", "plugB"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("合法裁决失败: %v", err)
+	}
+	if ps.RouteWinner("shared") != "plugB" {
+		t.Fatalf("裁决后赢家应为 plugB, 实得 %q", ps.RouteWinner("shared"))
+	}
+	if _, err := os.Stat(filepath.Join(dir, ".route-conflicts.json")); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("裁决应落盘 .route-conflicts.json: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// ④ 重启语义：新 registry 读回裁决
+	_, ps2 := bridgeVM(t)
+	ps2.dir = dir
+	if err := ps2.LoadRouteConflicts(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("读回裁决: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := ps2.LoadSource("plugA", aSrc); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := ps2.LoadSource("plugB", bSrc); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	cs2 := ps2.RouteConflicts()
+	if len(cs2) != 1 || cs2[0].Resolved != "plugB" {
+		t.Fatalf("重启后裁决应保留 plugB, 实得 %+v", cs2)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestRouteConflictWinnerGoneBackToUnresolved：已裁决的赢家插件被删/改后不再
+// 声明该路径 → 裁决作废回到未裁决态，而不是指向一个不存在的赢家。
+func TestRouteConflictWinnerGoneBackToUnresolved(t *testing.T) {
+	_, ps := bridgeVM(t)
+	const aSrc = `
+local P = {}
+P.name = "plugA"
+P.http = { { path = "s", handler = "h", roles = {"admin"} } }
+function P.h(req) return { status = 200, json = {} } end
+return P
+`
+	const bSrc = `
+local P = {}
+P.name = "plugB"
+P.http = { { path = "s", handler = "h", roles = {"admin"} } }
+function P.h(req) return { status = 200, json = {} } end
+return P
+`
+	if err := ps.LoadSource("plugA", aSrc); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := ps.LoadSource("plugB", bSrc); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := ps.ResolveRouteConflict("s", "plugA"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// plugA 被禁用 → 不再占路由 → 冲突消失（不是回未裁决）
+	if err := ps.SetEnabled("plugA", false); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if got := ps.RouteConflicts(); len(got) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("只 plugB 声明时不应再有冲突, 实得 %+v", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestAdapterNameConflictSuspendsForArbitration（用户要求 B）：
+// 插件安装与内置同名的适配器 → 不再硬拒绝，而是挂起待裁决：
+//   - 现任内置继续服务（版本号不变）
+//   - 返回 ErrAdapterConflictPending（typed，可区分「代码错」）
+//   - 冲突出现在 AdapterConflicts() 列表
+//   - 运维 ResolveAdapterConflict("incumbent") → 现任保留、冲突清除
+//   - 运维 ResolveAdapterConflict("candidate") → 插件版真正安装、归属转移
+//   - 裁决持久化；重启后插件再装同名适配器自动套用上次裁决
+func TestAdapterNameConflictSuspendsForArbitration(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	_, ps := bridgeVM(t)
+	ps.dir = dir
+
+	builtin := `local a={} a.name="openai" a.version="BUILTIN" a.endpoint="/x" return a`
+	if err := ps.vm.LoadAdapterSource("openai", builtin); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	evil := `local a={} a.name="openai" a.version="PLUGIN_V1" a.endpoint="/x" return a`
+
+	// ① 安装挂起：现任保留，typed 错误，不静默覆盖
+	got, err := ps.InstallAdapter("sneaky", "openai", evil)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("撞内置名应返回错误（挂起）")
+	}
+	var pend *ErrAdapterConflictPending
+	if !errors.As(err, &pend) {
+		t.Fatalf("错误类型应为 ErrAdapterConflictPending, got %T: %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if got != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("挂起时不得返回生效名, 实得 %q", got)
+	}
+	if v := ps.vm.AdapterVersion("openai"); v != "BUILTIN" {
+		t.Fatalf("现任内置必须继续服务, 版本实得 %q", v)
+	}
+
+	// ② 冲突可见
+	ac := ps.AdapterConflicts()
+	if len(ac) != 1 || ac[0].Name != "openai" || ac[0].Candidate != "sneaky" {
+		t.Fatalf("挂起冲突应可见: %+v", ac)
+	}
+
+	// ③ 裁决 incumbent → 现任保留
+	if err := ps.ResolveAdapterConflict("openai", "incumbent"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("裁决 incumbent: %v", err)
+	}
+	if v := ps.vm.AdapterVersion("openai"); v != "BUILTIN" {
+		t.Fatalf("裁决 incumbent 后内置应保留, 实得 %q", v)
+	}
+	if got := ps.AdapterConflicts(); len(got) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("裁决后冲突应清除, 实得 %+v", got)
+	}
+	// 归属仍是 operator（内置）
+	if o := ps.AdapterOwnerOf("openai"); o != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("内置归属应为空（operator）, 实得 %q", o)
+	}
+
+	// ④ 重启后插件再装 → 之前的 incumbent 裁决自动套用（不再二次挂起，也不安装）
+	if err := ps.LoadRouteConflicts(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	_, err = ps.InstallAdapter("sneaky", "openai", evil)
+	var pend2 *ErrAdapterConflictPending
+	if !errors.As(err, &pend2) {
+		t.Fatalf("自动套用 incumbent 裁决应仍返回 pending 错误（未安装）, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if v := ps.vm.AdapterVersion("openai"); v != "BUILTIN" {
+		t.Fatalf("持久 incumbent 裁决应保持内置, 实得 %q", v)
+	}
+
+	// ⑤ 裁决 candidate → 插件版真正装上、归属转移、持久化
+	if err := ps.ResolveAdapterConflict("openai", "candidate"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("裁决 candidate: %v", err)
+	}
+	if v := ps.vm.AdapterVersion("openai"); v != "PLUGIN_V1" {
+		t.Fatalf("裁决 candidate 后插件版应生效, 实得 %q", v)
+	}
+	if o := ps.AdapterOwnerOf("openai"); o != "sneaky" {
+		t.Fatalf("归属应转移给 sneaky, 实得 %q", o)
+	}
+	// 持久化文件里是 candidate:sneaky
+	b, _ := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(dir, ".route-conflicts.json"))
+	if !strings.Contains(string(b), "candidate:sneaky") {
+		t.Fatalf("裁决应持久化为 candidate:sneaky, 文件: %s", b)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestAdapterPluginConflictSuspendsForArbitration：插件 A 装了适配器后插件 B
+// 再装同名 → 挂起待裁决（与内置撞名同一机制），现任 A 的版本继续服务。
+func TestAdapterPluginConflictSuspendsForArbitration(t *testing.T) {
+	_, ps := bridgeVM(t)
+	if _, err := ps.InstallAdapter("alpha", "shared_auth", tokenAdapterV1); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	_, err := ps.InstallAdapter("beta", "shared_auth", tokenAdapterV2)
+	var pend *ErrAdapterConflictPending
+	if !errors.As(err, &pend) {
+		t.Fatalf("B 装同名应挂起, got %v", err)
+	}
+	// tokenAdapterV1 声明 name="myauth"，池落在生效名下（注册键 shared_auth）。
+	if v := ps.vm.AdapterVersion("myauth"); v != "1.0" {
+		t.Fatalf("alpha 的现任版本应继续服务, 实得 %q", v)
+	}
+	ac := ps.AdapterConflicts()
+	if len(ac) != 1 || ac[0].Incumbent != "plugin:alpha" {
+		t.Fatalf("冲突应点名现任归属 plugin:alpha, 实得 %+v", ac)
+	}
+	// 裁决 candidate → beta 接管
+	if err := ps.ResolveAdapterConflict("shared_auth", "candidate"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if v := ps.vm.AdapterVersion("myauth"); v != "2.0" {
+		t.Fatalf("beta 版应生效, 实得 %q", v)
+	}
+	if o := ps.AdapterOwnerOf("myauth"); o != "beta" {
+		t.Fatalf("归属应转移给 beta, 实得 %q", o)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestAdapterConflictRejectsBadWinner：裁决值必须合法；无挂起冲突时拒绝。
+func TestAdapterConflictRejectsBadWinner(t *testing.T) {
+	_, ps := bridgeVM(t)
+	if err := ps.ResolveAdapterConflict("nope", "candidate"); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("无挂起冲突应拒绝")
+	}
+	if _, err := ps.InstallAdapter("p", "myauth", tokenAdapterV1); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// myauth 是插件自己装的 → 更新路径（update 走 UpdateAdapter，非冲突）
+	if err := ps.ResolveAdapterConflict("myauth", "bogus"); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("非法 winner 值应拒绝")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestPluginOwnUpdateStillWorks：插件更新自己装的适配器（token 轮换）不走冲突
+// 路径 —— 行为与改造前一致。守住「挂起只发生在撞名」这条边界。
+func TestPluginOwnUpdateStillWorks(t *testing.T) {
+	_, ps := bridgeVM(t)
+	if _, err := ps.InstallAdapter("authtoken", "myauth", tokenAdapterV1); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := ps.UpdateAdapter("authtoken", "myauth", tokenAdapterV2); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("own update 不应受影响: %v", err)
+	}
+	if v := ps.vm.AdapterVersion("myauth"); v != "2.0" {
+		t.Fatalf("轮换后版本应 2.0, 实得 %q", v)
+	}
+	if got := ps.AdapterConflicts(); len(got) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("own update 不应产生冲突, 实得 %+v", got)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/lua/plugin_adapter_bridge.go b/internal/lua/plugin_adapter_bridge.go
index d31d38c..2554fd4 100644
--- a/internal/lua/plugin_adapter_bridge.go
+++ b/internal/lua/plugin_adapter_bridge.go
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ package lua
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"sort"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 
 	golua "github.com/aarzilli/golua/lua"
@@ -103,35 +104,65 @@ func (ps *Plugins) InstallAdapter(plugin, name, code string) (string, error) {
 	if ps.vm == nil {
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("install_adapter: no adapter VM available")
 	}
-	// Rule 3 first: an adapter another plugin already owns is off-limits.
+	// A name conflict used to be a hard rejection (owned by another plugin, or
+	// shadows a built-in). The user now wants it SUSPENDED for operator
+	// arbitration instead of refused outright: the incumbent keeps serving, the
+	// candidate waits in the conflicts list, and the operator picks a winner in
+	// the WebUI. The install still returns a (typed) error so the caller knows it
+	// did not take effect — but it is ErrAdapterConflictPending, not a dead end.
+	incumbent := ""
 	if owner := ps.adapterOwner().ownedBy(name); owner != "" && owner != plugin {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("install_adapter: adapter %q is owned by plugin %q and cannot be replaced by %q",
-			name, owner, plugin)
+		incumbent = "plugin:" + owner
+	} else if containsNameFold(ps.vm.bundledNames(), name) {
+		incumbent = "operator (built-in)"
 	}
-	// Rules 1+2 (path safety + no shadowing built-ins) live in
-	// InstallPluginAdapter so there is exactly one enforcement point.
+	if incumbent != "" {
+		if ps.recordAdapterConflict(name, incumbent, plugin, code) {
+			// The operator already chose THIS candidate in a prior session. Install
+			// for real via LoadAdapterSource, which bypasses the reserved-name gate
+			// — that explicit operator override is exactly what the arbitration is
+			// FOR, and re-suspending it on every restart would be a loop.
+			if err := ps.vm.LoadAdapterSource(name, code); err != nil {
+				return "", err
+			}
+			return ps.finishInstall(plugin, name), nil
+		}
+		return "", &ErrAdapterConflictPending{Name: name, Incumbent: incumbent}
+	}
+	// No conflict: normal install path. Rules 1+2 (path safety + no shadowing
+	// built-ins) live in InstallPluginAdapter so there is exactly one
+	// enforcement point. (The shadow check there is now unreachable for a
+	// genuine built-in — it is caught above and suspended — but kept as the
+	// single authority for path safety and any future reserved set.)
 	if err := ps.vm.InstallPluginAdapter(name, code); err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
-	// Ownership is recorded under the name sources will actually reference. A
-	// script may declare a name different from the registration key, and it is
-	// the declared name that ends up in the registry — recording it under the
-	// key would leave the adapter un-owned and therefore mutable by anyone.
-	// Ownership is recorded under the name sources will actually reference. A
-	// script may declare a name different from the registration key, and it is
-	// the declared name that ends up in the registry — recording it under the
-	// key would leave the adapter un-owned and therefore mutable by anyone.
-	//
-	// Both names are recorded: the registration key so a later update through
-	// the same key still matches, and the declared name so a lookup by the name
-	// a source references also matches. Both entries are cleared together on
-	// remove.
+	return ps.finishInstall(plugin, name), nil
+}
+
+// finishInstall records adapter ownership under BOTH the registration key and
+// the declared name (a script may declare a name different from the key, and it
+// is the declared name sources reference — recording only the key would leave
+// the adapter un-owned and therefore mutable by anyone). Both entries are
+// cleared together on remove.
+func (ps *Plugins) finishInstall(plugin, name string) string {
 	effective := ps.vm.EffectiveAdapterName(name)
 	ps.adapterOwner().set(effective, plugin)
 	if effective != name {
 		ps.adapterOwner().set(name, plugin)
 	}
-	return effective, nil
+	return effective
+}
+
+// containsNameFold reports whether name is in names (case-insensitive, matching
+// ValidateAdapterName's reserved-name comparison).
+func containsNameFold(names []string, name string) bool {
+	for _, n := range names {
+		if strings.EqualFold(n, name) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
 }
 
 // UpdateAdapter replaces an adapter a plugin previously installed — the token
diff --git a/internal/lua/plugins.go b/internal/lua/plugins.go
index 6adb017..45126cc 100644
--- a/internal/lua/plugins.go
+++ b/internal/lua/plugins.go
@@ -292,6 +292,23 @@ type Plugins struct {
 	// is state and not a convention).
 	adapterOwn     *adapterOwnership
 	adapterOwnOnce sync.Once
+	// routeWinners records the operator's arbitration for contested HTTP service
+	// paths: a path two+ plugins declared, resolved to one winning plugin. Keyed
+	// by normalized path. See route_conflicts.go — a contested path that is NOT
+	// in here is unresolved and the dispatcher returns 409 rather than silently
+	// picking a load-order winner. Persisted in .route-conflicts.json.
+	routeWinners map[string]string
+	// adapterWinners records the operator's arbitration for an adapter NAME two
+	// things claimed (user requirement B): "incumbent" keeps the built-in / first
+	// plugin, "candidate:<plugin>" lets that plugin's version win. Persisted in
+	// .route-conflicts.json beside routeWinners. See route_conflicts.go.
+	adapterWinners map[string]string
+	// adapterConflicts holds adapter-name installs currently SUSPENDED pending an
+	// operator decision: a plugin tried to install an adapter whose name an
+	// incumbent already holds. The incumbent keeps serving; the candidate waits
+	// here (with its code) until arbitrated. In-memory only — a restart replays
+	// the install, which re-suspends unless a persisted winner says otherwise.
+	adapterConflicts map[string]*AdapterConflict
 	// shards runs exported functions on private VMs so blocking work can be
 	// genuinely parallel. See plugin_shard.go for why the shared VM's lock makes
 	// concurrency impossible and what a shard must therefore never touch.
@@ -583,6 +600,12 @@ func (ps *Plugins) LoadDir() error {
 	if err := ps.LoadKernelPermissions(); err != nil {
 		log.Printf("[core] plugin kernel permissions not loaded: %v", err)
 	}
+	// Route-conflict arbitrations are operator policy too: who wins a service
+	// path two plugins both declared. Must be in place before the first request
+	// is dispatched, or a contested path would 409 until the operator re-chose.
+	if err := ps.LoadRouteConflicts(); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("[core] plugin route conflicts not loaded: %v", err)
+	}
 	if _, err := os.Stat(ps.dir); os.IsNotExist(err) {
 		return nil
 	}
diff --git a/internal/lua/route_conflicts.go b/internal/lua/route_conflicts.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d54f357
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/lua/route_conflicts.go
@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+// Package lua — 服务路径/适配器名冲突裁决（用户要求 A + B）
+//
+// 用户要求：当两个东西声明同一个「服务路径」时，内核**不许崩溃、不许拒绝
+// 启动**，而是报冲突、把候选都列出来、让运维在 WebUI/WebAPI 里选一个保留，
+// 选择持久化生效。两类冲突：
+//
+//	A) 两个插件在 plugin.http 里声明同一条服务路径（如都声明 "stats"）。
+//	   改造前分发器按加载顺序静默选一个 —— 装个新插件就可能改变既有路径归属。
+//	B) 一个插件安装的适配器，名字撞上内置适配器或另一个插件已装的适配器。
+//	   改造前这是硬错误（ErrAdapterNameReserved / owned by 另一插件）。
+//
+// 统一处理：
+//
+//   - 冲突是**运维策略**，与 .access.json / .kernel-perms.json 同源，单独落
+//     .route-conflicts.json。放单独文件而不是塞进既有策略文件，是因为那些文件
+//     形状不同（map[string]string 权限 spec），混进去会让旧二进制读到无法
+//     round-trip 的键。
+//   - 「安全默认」是**保持现任**：A 类未裁决时该路径回 409 并列出候选（不静默
+//     选一个）；B 类未裁决时现任适配器（内置/先装的插件）继续服务，新候选挂起
+//     （incumbent 永不被悄悄换掉，这保住了「第三方插件不得篡改内核发行物」这条
+//     信任边界 —— 只有运维显式选了插件版本才会覆盖内置）。
+package lua
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"os"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// RouteConflict 描述一条被多于一个插件认领的服务路径（A 类）。
+type RouteConflict struct {
+	Path       string   `json:"path"`
+	Candidates []string `json:"candidates"`
+	Resolved   string   `json:"resolved"` // 运维选定的赢家插件名；"" = 未裁决（分发回 409）
+}
+
+// AdapterConflict 描述一个被挂起的适配器安装（B 类）：某插件想装的适配器名
+// 撞上了现任（内置或另一插件）。现任继续服务，候选挂起等运维裁决。
+type AdapterConflict struct {
+	Name          string `json:"name"`
+	Incumbent     string `json:"incumbent"` // "operator"（含内置）或 "plugin:<名>"
+	Candidate     string `json:"candidate"` // 想装它的插件名
+	Resolved      string `json:"resolved"`  // "incumbent" / "candidate" / "" 未裁决
+	candidateCode string // 候选代码，运维选 candidate 时才真正装（仅内存）
+}
+
+const routeConflictsFileName = ".route-conflicts.json"
+
+// persistedConflicts 是 .route-conflicts.json 的磁盘形态：两张裁决表。
+// routes:  归一化路径 -> 赢家插件名
+// adapters: 适配器名   -> "incumbent" | "candidate:<插件名>"
+type persistedConflicts struct {
+	Routes   map[string]string `json:"routes,omitempty"`
+	Adapters map[string]string `json:"adapters,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (ps *Plugins) routeConflictsFile() string {
+	if ps.dir == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return ps.dir + string(os.PathSeparator) + routeConflictsFileName
+}
+
+// normalizeRoutePath 把声明路径归一化：去首尾斜杠。裁决键与分发键共用它，
+// 不可能对不上。
+func normalizeRoutePath(p string) string {
+	return strings.Trim(strings.TrimSpace(p), "/")
+}
+
+// ---- A 类：插件 HTTP 服务路径冲突 ----
+
+// RouteConflicts 扫描已加载插件的 http 声明，返回被多于一个插件认领的路径。
+// 只看 loaded 且未禁用的插件：加载失败/被关掉的插件不占路由。
+func (ps *Plugins) RouteConflicts() []RouteConflict {
+	ps.mu.RLock()
+	defer ps.mu.RUnlock()
+	byPath := map[string]map[string]bool{}
+	for _, p := range ps.plugins {
+		if p.LoadError != "" || p.Disabled {
+			continue
+		}
+		for _, h := range p.http {
+			key := normalizeRoutePath(h.Path)
+			if key == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			if byPath[key] == nil {
+				byPath[key] = map[string]bool{}
+			}
+			byPath[key][p.Info.Name] = true
+		}
+	}
+	var out []RouteConflict
+	for path, owners := range byPath {
+		if len(owners) < 2 {
+			continue
+		}
+		cands := make([]string, 0, len(owners))
+		for name := range owners {
+			cands = append(cands, name)
+		}
+		sort.Strings(cands)
+		resolved := ps.routeWinners[path]
+		if resolved != "" && !owners[resolved] {
+			resolved = "" // 赢家已不再声明这条路径 → 回到未裁决，而非指向不存在的赢家
+		}
+		out = append(out, RouteConflict{Path: path, Candidates: cands, Resolved: resolved})
+	}
+	sort.Slice(out, func(i, j int) bool { return out[i].Path < out[j].Path })
+	return out
+}
+
+// RouteWinner 返回某条路径运维选定的赢家插件名；无冲突/未裁决时 ""。
+func (ps *Plugins) RouteWinner(path string) string {
+	key := normalizeRoutePath(path)
+	ps.mu.RLock()
+	defer ps.mu.RUnlock()
+	return ps.routeWinners[key]
+}
+
+// ResolveRouteConflict 记录运维对某条冲突路径的裁决并落盘。winner 必须是当前
+// 确实声明了这条路径的候选之一 —— 否则分发会永远 404，所以直接拒绝。
+func (ps *Plugins) ResolveRouteConflict(path, winner string) error {
+	key := normalizeRoutePath(path)
+	if key == "" {
+		return &ConflictError{Reason: "empty path"}
+	}
+	var cands []string
+	for _, c := range ps.RouteConflicts() {
+		if c.Path == key {
+			cands = c.Candidates
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if cands == nil {
+		return &ConflictError{Reason: "path " + key + " is not contested"}
+	}
+	ok := false
+	for _, c := range cands {
+		if c == winner {
+			ok = true
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if !ok {
+		return &ConflictError{Reason: "plugin " + winner + " does not serve " + key}
+	}
+	ps.mu.Lock()
+	if ps.routeWinners == nil {
+		ps.routeWinners = map[string]string{}
+	}
+	ps.routeWinners[key] = winner
+	ps.saveConflictsLocked()
+	ps.mu.Unlock()
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ---- B 类：适配器名冲突 ----
+
+// recordAdapterConflict 挂起一个撞名的适配器安装。调用方（InstallAdapter）在
+// 检测到现任存在时调用。若运维此前已裁决「candidate 赢」，返回 shouldApply=true
+// 让调用方直接安装（重启后插件再装会自动套用上次裁决，不再二次挂起）。
+func (ps *Plugins) recordAdapterConflict(name, incumbent, candidate, code string) (shouldApply bool) {
+	ps.mu.Lock()
+	defer ps.mu.Unlock()
+	if d := ps.adapterWinners[name]; d != "" {
+		// 已有持久裁决。candidate:<此插件> → 直接应用。否则把它重新挂回冲突
+		// 列表：持久裁决是**默认**，不是终审 —— 新的安装尝试要把冲突重新
+		// 摆到运维面前（否则裁决过 incumbent 后冲突消失，运维想改选 candidate
+		// 就再也没有入口了）。
+		if d == "candidate:"+candidate {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	if ps.adapterConflicts == nil {
+		ps.adapterConflicts = map[string]*AdapterConflict{}
+	}
+	ps.adapterConflicts[name] = &AdapterConflict{
+		Name:          name,
+		Incumbent:     incumbent,
+		Candidate:     candidate,
+		candidateCode: code,
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// AdapterConflicts 列出当前挂起的适配器撞名冲突。
+func (ps *Plugins) AdapterConflicts() []AdapterConflict {
+	ps.mu.RLock()
+	defer ps.mu.RUnlock()
+	out := make([]AdapterConflict, 0, len(ps.adapterConflicts))
+	for _, c := range ps.adapterConflicts {
+		out = append(out, AdapterConflict{
+			Name: c.Name, Incumbent: c.Incumbent, Candidate: c.Candidate, Resolved: c.Resolved,
+		})
+	}
+	sort.Slice(out, func(i, j int) bool { return out[i].Name < out[j].Name })
+	return out
+}
+
+// ResolveAdapterConflict 裁决一个挂起的适配器撞名冲突。
+//
+//	winner == "incumbent" → 保持现任，丢弃挂起候选。
+//	winner == "candidate" → 真正安装候选插件的适配器（覆盖现任），记录归属。
+//	                        这是运维显式授权一个插件覆盖内置/他人适配器的唯一入口。
+//
+// 裁决持久化：下次该插件再装同名适配器会自动套用（不再挂起）。
+func (ps *Plugins) ResolveAdapterConflict(name, winner string) error {
+	ps.mu.Lock()
+	c := ps.adapterConflicts[name]
+	ps.mu.Unlock()
+	if c == nil {
+		return &ConflictError{Reason: "adapter " + name + " has no pending conflict"}
+	}
+	switch winner {
+	case "incumbent":
+		ps.mu.Lock()
+		if ps.adapterWinners == nil {
+			ps.adapterWinners = map[string]string{}
+		}
+		ps.adapterWinners[name] = "incumbent"
+		delete(ps.adapterConflicts, name)
+		ps.saveConflictsLocked()
+		ps.mu.Unlock()
+		return nil
+	case "candidate":
+		// 真正安装候选代码。绕过 reserved 门禁：这正是运维显式授权覆盖的语义。
+		if ps.vm == nil {
+			return &ConflictError{Reason: "no adapter VM available"}
+		}
+		if err := ps.vm.LoadAdapterSource(name, c.candidateCode); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		effective := ps.vm.EffectiveAdapterName(name)
+		ps.adapterOwner().set(effective, c.Candidate)
+		if effective != name {
+			ps.adapterOwner().set(name, c.Candidate)
+		}
+		ps.mu.Lock()
+		if ps.adapterWinners == nil {
+			ps.adapterWinners = map[string]string{}
+		}
+		ps.adapterWinners[name] = "candidate:" + c.Candidate
+		delete(ps.adapterConflicts, name)
+		ps.saveConflictsLocked()
+		ps.mu.Unlock()
+		return nil
+	default:
+		return &ConflictError{Reason: "winner must be \"incumbent\" or \"candidate\""}
+	}
+}
+
+// ConflictError 是裁决动作被拒的原因，点名性质（用户要求「避免静默错误」）。
+type ConflictError struct{ Reason string }
+
+func (e *ConflictError) Error() string { return "conflict: " + e.Reason }
+
+// ErrAdapterConflictPending 是 InstallAdapter 在撞名时返回的 typed 错误：
+// 安装没有成功，但也不是硬失败 —— 它被挂起等运维裁决。插件/UI 据此区分
+// 「代码写错」与「撞名待裁决」。
+type ErrAdapterConflictPending struct {
+	Name      string
+	Incumbent string
+}
+
+func (e *ErrAdapterConflictPending) Error() string {
+	return "adapter " + e.Name + " conflicts with the current " + e.Incumbent +
+		"; the incumbent keeps serving until an operator chooses a winner (admin UI → Conflicts)"
+}
+
+// ---- 持久化 ----
+
+// LoadRouteConflicts 读取持久化的裁决（A 的路径赢家 + B 的适配器赢家）。
+// 缺文件是全新安装的正常态；损坏文件记录后忽略而非致命。
+func (ps *Plugins) LoadRouteConflicts() error {
+	path := ps.routeConflictsFile()
+	if path == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	b, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+	if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	var pc persistedConflicts
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &pc); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	ps.mu.Lock()
+	defer ps.mu.Unlock()
+	if ps.routeWinners == nil {
+		ps.routeWinners = map[string]string{}
+	}
+	for k, v := range pc.Routes {
+		ps.routeWinners[normalizeRoutePath(k)] = v
+	}
+	if ps.adapterWinners == nil {
+		ps.adapterWinners = map[string]string{}
+	}
+	for k, v := range pc.Adapters {
+		ps.adapterWinners[k] = v
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// saveConflictsLocked 落盘两张裁决表。调用方持 ps.mu。
+func (ps *Plugins) saveConflictsLocked() {
+	path := ps.routeConflictsFile()
+	if path == "" {
+		return
+	}
+	pc := persistedConflicts{}
+	if len(ps.routeWinners) > 0 {
+		pc.Routes = map[string]string{}
+		for k, v := range ps.routeWinners {
+			pc.Routes[k] = v
+		}
+	}
+	if len(ps.adapterWinners) > 0 {
+		pc.Adapters = map[string]string{}
+		for k, v := range ps.adapterWinners {
+			pc.Adapters[k] = v
+		}
+	}
+	if pc.Routes == nil && pc.Adapters == nil {
+		_ = os.Remove(path)
+		return
+	}
+	writeJSONAtomic(path, pc)
+}
diff --git a/internal/lua/vm.go b/internal/lua/vm.go
index f3b259b..626d548 100644
--- a/internal/lua/vm.go
+++ b/internal/lua/vm.go
@@ -841,12 +841,35 @@ func (v *VM) LoadAdapterSource(name, code string) error {
 	// it controls while shipping an adapter that declares the name sources
 	// reference). Without this, updating that adapter would install a second
 	// pool and leave the old one serving traffic.
+	//
+	// The key can live under EITHER name (this is the "reload replaces the same
+	// pool entry rather than silently registering a second one" rule):
+	//
+	//   - pools[static.name]  — the pool filed under the DECLARED name (the
+	//     common case, and the only case when a plugin installs under a key that
+	//     matches its script's own name), or
+	// The pool registry is keyed by the DECLARED name (static.name), always:
+	// first install files pools[static.name], and a reload replaces that same
+	// slot. registeredAs only RECORDS the registration key for reverse lookups
+	// (EffectiveAdapterName scans for it); it is not a second key space.
+	//
+	// An earlier version redirected the key to prev.static.registeredAs here,
+	// assuming pools were filed under the registration key — but first installs
+	// file under the declared name, so that redirect created a SECOND pool and
+	// left the old one serving whenever key≠declared (a real bug: a v2 install
+	// via arbitration left v1 serving, and UpdateAdapter had the same hole).
 	key := static.name
-	if prev, ok := v.pools[key]; ok && prev.static.registeredAs != "" {
-		key = prev.static.registeredAs
-	}
 	old := v.pools[key]
-	p := newAdapterPool(static.name, code, *static)
+	// The new pool MUST be filed under the SAME slot as the old one (key), and
+	// named after that slot, so a later lookup by either the DECLARED name or
+	// the REGISTRATION KEY finds the one live pool. Naming it after static.name
+	// would move the pool to the declared-name slot when the incumbent lived
+	// under the registration key, leaving the registration-key slot pointing at
+	// the stale (old) pool that shutdown() then tears down — callers reading by
+	// the registration key see "adapter missing", callers by declared name see
+	// a pool that isn't the one serving. key is the stable identity; the
+	// declared name is reachable through static.name.
+	p := newAdapterPool(key, code, *static)
 	p.setMax(maxW)
 	// Carry the revision forward so the new source keeps counting ABOVE the old
 	// one. A cache keyed on (vm, revision, name) must see a value different