diff --git a/internal/lua/persist_test.go b/internal/lua/persist_test.go
index 4a08e17..86c21a8 100644
--- a/internal/lua/persist_test.go
+++ b/internal/lua/persist_test.go
@@ -338,3 +338,67 @@ return plugin
 		t.Errorf("persisted n = %v after three exported calls, want 3", saved.State["n"])
 	}
 }
+
+// TestInvokeHandlerIsPersisted 是真实事故的回归：channels 插件声明 hooks=[]，
+// 一切状态变更（账号入池、凭据引用、模型黑名单、事件日志）都经过自己的 HTTP
+// handler。而 InvokeHandler 是唯一一条**从不 markDirty** 的分发路径 —— hook 路径
+// 有、Call 路径有，只有它漏了。后果：
+//
+//	.channels.state.json 从未被写出 → 重启后账号池静默清空。
+//	运维在升级前的重启里丢掉了刚登录的账号，界面显示"已登录"但列表为空。
+//
+// billing/quota 侥幸没踩到，只因为它们有 hooks（billing）或用 Call（quota）。
+// 本测试用**无 hooks、只走 handler** 的插件复现该形态。
+func TestInvokeHandlerIsPersisted(t *testing.T) {
+	ps, _ := newPersistVM(t)
+	if err := ps.LoadSource("handlersonly", `
+local plugin = { name = "handlersonly", version = "1.0" }
+plugin.state = { accounts = {} }
+-- 不声明任何 hooks：状态只能经 HTTP handler 变更（channels 的形态）
+plugin.hooks = {}
+plugin.http = {
+  { path = "add", method = "POST", handler = "add" },
+}
+function plugin.add(req)
+  local body = req.body or ""
+  local id = body:match('"id":"([^"]+)"') or "unknown"
+  plugin.state.accounts[id] = { id = id, enabled = true }
+  return { status = 200, json = { ok = true } }
+end
+return plugin
+`); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	for _, id := range []string{"acct-1", "acct-2"} {
+		resp, err := ps.InvokeHandler("handlersonly", "add", &handlerRequest{
+			Method: "POST", Body: `{"id":"` + id + `"}`,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("handler: %v", err)
+		}
+		if resp == nil {
+			t.Fatal("handler returned nil response")
+		}
+	}
+	// Close() waits for the final flush, so no timing is involved: anything the
+	// handlers did NOT mark dirty cannot appear here.
+	ps.Close()
+
+	b, err := os.ReadFile(ps.stateFile("handlersonly"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("★ 无 hooks 的插件经 HTTP handler 改状态后未落盘: %v\n"+
+			"   —— InvokeHandler 必须像 Call / hook 路径一样 markDirty，\n"+
+			"   否则 channels 的账号池会在每次重启后静默清空", err)
+	}
+	var saved struct {
+		State map[string]interface{} `json:"state"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &saved); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	accts, _ := saved.State["accounts"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if len(accts) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("落盘的 accounts = %v，应为 2 个账号", saved.State["accounts"])
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/lua/plugin_http_handler.go b/internal/lua/plugin_http_handler.go
index 859a115..f10bf95 100644
--- a/internal/lua/plugin_http_handler.go
+++ b/internal/lua/plugin_http_handler.go
@@ -264,6 +264,10 @@ func (ps *Plugins) InvokeHandler(plugin, fnName string, req *handlerRequest) (*h
 		L.Pop(1)
 	}
 	if errMsg != "" {
+		// A handler that raised partway may already have mutated plugin.state
+		// (an account added before a later step failed), so mark it dirty before
+		// bailing: the mutation it managed to make is still real.
+		ps.markDirtyLocked(p)
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("plugin %s: %s", plugin, errMsg)
 	}
 	if L.GetTop() < 1 || L.IsNil(-1) {
@@ -273,6 +277,18 @@ func (ps *Plugins) InvokeHandler(plugin, fnName string, req *handlerRequest) (*h
 	if err := luaToJSON(L, -1, &raw); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	// A handler mutates plugin.state just as a hook or an exported Call does, and
+	// this was the one dispatch path that never marked the plugin dirty.
+	//
+	// Consequence (real defect): a plugin with NO hooks — channels is exactly
+	// that, it declares hooks=[] and drives everything through its own HTTP
+	// routes — accumulated accounts, credential refs, model blacklists and its
+	// event log entirely in memory. Nothing ever marked it dirty, so
+	// .channels.state.json was never written and a restart silently wiped the
+	// account pool: the operator saw "logged in", restarted for an upgrade, and
+	// the account was gone. billing/quota escape this only because they declare
+	// hooks and/or use Call, both of which already mark dirty.
+	ps.markDirtyLocked(p)
 	return parseHandlerResponse(raw)
 }